Irregular Verbs are those verbs which do not follow the normal rules of conjugation in English.
In English, most verbs follow this pattern and are regular:
| infinitive | past form | past participle |
| walk | walked | walked |
As you can see, they add an -ed to the end of the infinitive. Note that a verb like marry is also classed as regular even though the spelling changes slightly:
marry – married – married
However, irregular verbs do not always add -ed to the end and may have very different forms. Here is a full list of English irregular verbs showing any variations from the regular formation.
| Infinitive | Past Form | Past Participle |
Notes
|
| abide | abided/abode | abided/abode | |
| arise | arose | arisin | |
| awake | awakened/awoke | awakened/awoken/awaked | |
| backslide | backslid | backslidden/backslid | |
| be | was/were | been | |
| bear | bore | born/borne | |
| beat | beat | beaten/beat | |
| become | became | become | |
| befall | befell | befallen | |
| beget | begot/begat | begotten | ‘begat’ is preferred past tense in the King James Bible |
| begin | began | begun | |
| behold | beheld | beheld | |
| bend | bent | bent | |
| beseech | beseeched | beseeched/besought | |
| beset | beset | beset | |
| bet | bet | bet | |
| bid | bid | bid | in cards or an auction |
| bid | bid/bade | bidden | say farewell |
| bind | bound | bound | |
| bite | bit | bitten | |
| bleed | bled | bled | |
| blow | blew | blown | |
| break | broke | broken | |
| breed | bred | bred | |
| bring | brought | brought | |
| broadcast | broadcast/broadcasted | broadcast/broadcasted | |
| browbeat | browbeat | browbeaten/browbeat | |
| build | built | built | |
| burn | burnt/burned | burnt/burned | |
| burst | burst | burst | |
| bust | busted/bust | busted/bust | |
| buy | bought | bought | |
| cast | cast | cast | |
| catch | caught | caught | |
| chide | chided/chid | chided/chidden | |
| choose | chose | chosen | |
| cleave | clove/cleft/cleaved | cloven/cleft/cleaved | |
| cling | clung | clung | |
| clothe | clothed/clad | clothed/clad | |
| come | came | come | |
| cost | cost | cost | |
| creep | crept | crept | |
| crossbreed | crossbred | crossbred | |
| crow | crowed/crew | crowed | |
| cut | cut | cut | |
| daydream | daydreamed/daydreamt | daydreamed/daydreamt | |
| deal | dealt | dealt | |
| dig | dug | dug | |
| disprove | disproved | disproved/disproven | |
| dive | dived/dove | dived |
‘dove’ is AmE
|
| do | did | done | |
| draw | drew | drawn | |
| dream | dreamt/dreamed | dreamt/dreamed | |
| drink | drank | drunk | |
| drive | drove | driven | |
| dwell | dwelt | dwelt | |
| eat | ate | eaten | |
| fall | fell | fallen | |
| feed | fed | fed | |
| feel | felt | felt | |
| fight | fought | fought | |
| find | found | found | |
| fit | fit | fit | |
| flee | fled | fled | |
| fling | flung | flung | |
| fly | flew | flown | |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden | |
| forecast | forecast | forecast | |
| forego/forgo | forwent | forgone | |
| foresee | foresaw | foreseen | |
| foretell | foretold | foretold | |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven | |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken | |
| freeze | froze | frozen | |
| fret | fret/fretted | fretted | |
| frostbite | frostbit | frostbitten | |
| gainsay | gainsaid | gainsaid | |
| get | got | got/gotten | |
| gird | girt/girded | girt/girded | |
| give | gave | given | |
| go | went | gone | |
| grind | ground | ground | |
| grow | grew | grown | |
| handfeed | handfed | handfed | |
| handwrite | handwritten | handwritten | |
| hang | hung | hung | |
| have | had | had | |
| hear | heard | heard | |
| hew | hewed | hewn | |
| hide | hid | hidden | |
| hit | hit | hit | |
| hold | held | hidden | |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | |
| inbreed | inbred | inbred | |
| inlay | inlaid | inlaid | |
| input | input/inputted | input/inputted | |
| interbreed | interbred | interbred | |
| interweave | interwove/interweaved | interwove/interweaved | |
| interwind | interwound | interwound | |
| jerry-build | jerry-built | jerry-built | |
| keep | kept | kept | |
| kneel | knelt/kneeled | knelt/kneeled | |
| knit | knit/knitted | knit/knitted | |
| know | knew | known | |
| lay | laid | laid | |
| lead | led | led | |
| lean | leaned/leant | leaned/leant | |
| leap | leaped/leapt | leaped/leapt | |
| learn | learned/learnt | learned/learnt | |
| leave | left | left | |
| lend | lent | lent | |
| let | let | let | |
| lie | lay | lain | |
| light | lit | lit | |
| lip-read | lip-read | lip-read | |
| lose | lost | lost | |
| make | made | made | |
| mean | meant | meant | |
| meet | met | met | |
| miscast | miscast | miscast | |
| misdeal | misdealt | misdealt | |
| misdo | misdid | misdone | |
| mishear | misheard | misheard | |
| mislay | mislaid | mislaid | |
| mislead | misled | misled | |
| mislearn | mislearnt/mislearned | mislearnt/mislearned | |
| misread | misread | misread | |
| misspell | misspelt | misspelt | |
| mistake | mistook | mistaken | |
| misunderstand | misunderstood | misunderstood | |
| mow | mowed | mown | |
| offset | offset | offset | |
| outbid | outbid | outbid | |
| outdo | outdid | outdone | |
| outdrink | outdrank | outdrunk | |
| outgrow | outgrew | outgrown | |
| outrun | outran | outrun | |
| outsell | outsold | outsold | |
| outshine | outshone | outshone | |
| outspend | outspent | outspent | |
| outthink | outthought | outthought | |
| overbid | overbid | overbid | |
| overcome | overcame | overcome | |
| overdo | overdid | overdone | |
| overeat | overate | overeaten | |
| overhang | overhung | overhung | |
| overhear | overheard | overheard | |
| overlay | overlaid | overlaid | |
| override | overrode | overridden | |
| overrun | overran | overrun | |
| oversee | oversaw | overseen | |
| oversell | oversold | oversold | |
| overshoot | overshot | overshot | |
| oversleep | overslept | overslept | |
| overtake | overtook | overtaken | |
| overthrow | overthrew | overthrown | |
| partake | partook | partaken | |
| pay | paid | paid | |
| plead | pleaded/pled | pleaded/pled | |
| prepay | prepaid | prepaid | |
| preset | preset | preset | |
| proofread | proofread | proofread | |
| prove | proved | proved/proven | |
| put | put | put | |
| quit | quit | quit | |
| read | read | read | |
| rebuild | rebuilt | rebuilt | |
| recast | recast | recast | |
| redo | redid | redid | |
| refit | refit | refit | |
| remake | remade | remade | |
| repay | repaid | repaid | |
| rerun | reran | rerun | |
| resell | resold | resold | |
| reset | reset | reset | |
| rethink | rethought | ||
| rewind | rewound | rewound | |
| rewrite | rewrote | rewritten | |
| rid | rid | rid | |
| ride | rode | ridden | |
| ring | rang | rung | |
| rise | rose | risen | |
| run | ran | run | |
| saw | sawed | sawn | |
| say | said | said | |
| see | saw | seen | |
| seek | sought | sought | |
| sell | sold | sold | |
| send | sent | sent | |
| set | set | set | |
| sew | sewed | sewn | |
| shake | shook | shaken | |
| shave | shaved | shaven | |
| shear | sheared | shorn | |
| shed | shed | shed | |
| shine | shone | shone | |
| shit | shat/shit | shat/shit | |
| shoot | shot | shot | |
| show | showed | shown | |
| shrink | shrank | shrunk | |
| shut | shut | shut | |
| sing | sang | sung | |
| sink | sank | sunk | |
| sit | sat | sat | |
| slay | slew | slain | |
| sleep | slept | slept | |
| slide | slid | slid | |
| sling | slung | slung | |
| slink | slunk | slunk | |
| slit | slit | slit | |
| smell | smelt | smelt | |
| smite | smote | smitten | |
| sneak | snuck/sneaked | snuck/sneaked | |
| sow | sowed | sown | |
| speak | spoke | spoken | |
| speed | sped | sped | |
| spell | spelt | spelt | |
| spend | spent | spent | |
| spill | spilt | spilt | |
| spin | span | spun | |
| spit | spat | spat | |
| split | split | split | |
| spoil | spoilt | spoilt | |
| spread | spread | spread | |
| spring | sprung | sprung | |
| stand | stood | stood | |
| steal | stole | stolen | |
| stick | stuck | stuck | |
| sting | stung | stung | |
| stink | stank | stunk | |
| strew | strewed | strewn | |
| stride | strode | stridden | |
| strike | struck | struck | |
| string | strung | strung | |
| strive | strove | striven | |
| swear | swore | sworn | |
| sweep | swept | swept | |
| swell | swelled | swollen | |
| swim | swam | swum | |
| swing | swung | swung | |
| take | took | taken | |
| teach | taught | taught | |
| tear | tore | torn | |
| tell | told | told | |
| think | thought | thought | |
| throw | threw | thrown | |
| thrust | thrust | thrust | |
| tread | trod | trodden | |
| unbind | unbound | unbound | |
| undergo | underwent | undergone | |
| understand | understood | understood | |
| undertake | undertake | undertook | |
| underwrite | underwrote | underwritten | |
| undo | undid | undone | |
| unwind | unwound | unwound | |
| uphold | upheld | upheld | |
| upset | upset | upset | |
| wake | woke | woken | |
| wear | wore | worn | |
| weave | wove | woven | |
| wed | wed | wed | |
| weep | wept | wept | |
| wet | wet | wet | |
| win | won | won | |
| wind | wound | wound | |
| withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn | |
| withhold | withheld | withheld | |
| withstand | withstood | withstood | |
| wreak | wrought | wrought | |
| write | wrote | written |
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